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We Are What We Eat: Nutrition and Bad Breath
Fresh breath depends on a healthy body! A look at the impact of nutrients, phytochemicals, antioxidants, and free radicals on both oral and general systemic health.
Oral Biofilm: Smart Bacteria (part one)
New research shows bacteria in your mouth form complex, structured colonies that cooperate with each other and are very hard to remove.
Oral Biofilm: Smart Bacteria (part two)
How biofilm forms, and why its structure is so persistent.
Tongue Cleaning 101
Knowing how to clean your tongue properly can make a huge difference in your breath, so we call it a "smart way to keep bad breath bacteria at bay!"
Beating the Bad Breath Blues
By Cara - a personal account of life with chronic bad breath.
Managing Oral Malodor
SUMMARY: Dental professionals should make recommendations to treat oral malodor based on their patients' individual condition. Xylitol-containing products provide a host of benefits when incorporated into a dental hygiene treatment regimen.
Bosy, A. (2006): "Managing Oral Malodor", Journal of Practical Hygiene, July/August 2006
A Review of Oral Products for the Treatment of Oral Malodour
ABSTRACT: Oral malodour can be either a short-term, transient problem that includes morning breath or food odours or it can be a long-term, chronic problem. Commercial products support the short-term problem, but the duration of relief varies with the active ingredient. Long term, chronic problems are difficult to eliminate and require a more aggressive treatment with antimicrobial rinses such as chlorhexidine.
Bosy, A. (2002) "A Review of Oral Products for the Treatment of Oral Malodour", The Journal of Practical Hygiene July/August 2002. Supplement.
Oral Malodour - Cosmetic Problem or Chronic Infection?
ABSTRACT: The most common cause of oral malodour is elevated levels of volatile sulfur compounds. The production of these gases results from the action of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria on protein matter. Individuals who suffer from oral malodour experience anxiety and may exhibit antisocial behavior. Some develop a psychosomatic condition called halitophobia. Interest in treating oral malodour has increased in recent years but dentists and dental hygienists are still reluctant to address the problem. Treatment of this condition consists of good oral hygiene along with the use of antimicrobial agents, oxidizing agents, and anti-odourants such as sodium bicarbonate. Not commonly used for the treatment of oral malodour in the past, studies indicate that sodium bicarbonate should be given serious consideration. Dentifrices containing 20% or more baking soda can significantly reduce odour for up to 3 hours. Dentifrices with the zinc ion and baking soda, although still not available commercially, have an enhanced anti-odour effect.
Bosy, A. (2001) "Oral Malodour - Cosmetic Problem or Chronic Infection?" Compendium of Continuing Education in Oral Hygiene 8(2) 3-11
Oral Malodour - Up Close and Personal
ABSTRACT: The facts indicate that up to 50% of the population suffer from oral malodour, many finding it a chronic condition. When do people become aware
of their bad breath? How do you distinguish between bad breath and normal
breath? This paper discusses these issues and reviews current assessment
and treatment options.
Bosy, A. (2000): "Oral Malodour - Up Close and
Personal", D.A.M. Dental Auxiliary Magazine 1(1) 7-9
Oral Malodour
ABSTRACT: Although their quality of life is diminished, people often go for long periods of time prior to seeking professional treatment for their bad breath problem. There is a feeling of isolation and deep embarrassment. The most common cause of oral malodour is anaerobic bacteria and fungi as the major contributors. Factors, such as stress and decreased salivary flow, help to increase the density of microbes and result in greater odour production. Bad breath can be treated with a variety of different antimicrobial rinses.
Bosy, A. (1998): "Oral Malodour", P.H.D. Services 5(6) 2-4
Bad Taste: An Indicator of Bad Breath
ABSTRACT: The production of oral malodour is primarily the result of degradation
of certain amino acids by gram-negative microorganisms. There is sufficient
evidence that the tongue coating is one of the main sites of hydrogen sulfide
production in healthy mouths since large numbers of bacteria are present
on the tongue dorsum. This article discusses the possibility of taste as
an indicator that sufficient bacteria are present in the oral cavity to
cause breath odour. The effect of stress is another factor that is examined
in this article. Stress may impact upon the immune system creating an ineffective
response against invading bacteria. Secondly, stress decreases the flow
of saliva, thus allowing the volatile sulphide compounds to contaminate
the mouth air.
Bosy, A and Geller, J.: "Bad Taste: An Indicator
of Bad Breath", Aorta June 1998.
Oral Malodour: New Directions
SUMMARY: Probable causes and various factors affecting offensive breath are discussed.
New approaches for assessment and treatment of oral malodour are explored
in this article.
Bosy, A. (1997): "Oral Malodour: New Directions",
The Colgate Oral Care Report 7 (2) 10-12)

Oral Malodour: Philosophical and Practical Aspects
ABSTRACT: Although oral malodor or bad breath is an unpleasant condition experienced
by most individuals, it typically results in transient discomfort. At least
50% of the population suffer from chronic oral malodor, and approximately
half of these individuals experience a severe problem that creates personal
discomfort and social embarrassment. The mouth air of chronic malodor
sufferers is tainted with compounds such as hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan
and organic acids, which produce a stream of foul air that is gravely offensive
to people in their vicinity. Sufferers often make desperate attempts to
mask their odour with mints and chewing gum, compulsive brushing and repeatedly
rinsing with commercial mouthwashes. While dental diseases have been strongly
associated with this condition, there is considerable evidence that dentally
healthy individuals can exhibit significant levels of mouth odor. Proteolytic
activity by microorganisms residing on the tongue and teeth results in
foul-smelling compounds and is the most common cause of oral malodor.
A specialized device called the halimeter is available to measure the volatile
sulphur compounds in mouth air. Many manufacturers of bad breath remedies
claim that their products contain antibacterial mechanisms with sufficient
strength to control oral malodor over long periods of time. None, however,
effectively eliminate the problem. Interest in oral malodor research and
clinical treatment has increased in the last few years and this distressing
problem is finally getting the attention it deserves.
Bosy, A. (1997): "Oral Malodor: Philosophical
and Practical Aspects", J. Canadian Dental Association, March 1997,
63 (3) 196-201
What We Do Will Take Your Breath Away
ABSTRACT: Ignored and misunderstood by the medical and dental profession for decades, there has been an increasing amount of attention focused on oral malodour within the last few years.
Breath becomes odourous when certain unpleasant chemicals are present in mouth air. The most common and abundant chemicals present in bad breath are volatile sulphur compounds such as hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan and in smaller amounts, methyl disulphide and dimethyl disulphide. The composition and malodour of the mouth air depends on the underlying cause of the problem.
Responding to a growing need for relief from the problem of oral malodour, a new clinic has recently opened which specializes solely in the treatment of this condition. The Fresh Breath Clinic ... has now developed into a one of a kind operation, specializing in the assessment and treatment of bad breath on a full time basis.
Bosy, A and Geller, J. (1996) "What We Do Will Take Your Breath Away", The Journal - Ontario Dental Nurses and Assistants Association. July-September 2(3) 10-11.
Relationship of Oral Malodor to Periodontitis: Evidence
of Independence in Discrete Sub-Populations
SUMMARY: Associations between oral malodor, measures of periodontal disease
and trypsin-like activity of periodontal pathogens on teeth and tongue
were examined in 127 subjects. The volatile sulphur compounds present in
mouth air were measured by halimeter and by organoleptic methods. The study
showed that there was a significant contribution to oral malodor by the
tongue surface. Subjects were treated with chlorhexidine gluconate to study
the effect of reducing microbial colonization on oral malodor. Reductions
of volatile sulphur compound levels were significant. Oral malodor in
subjects with and without periodontitis was measured and the two groups
were compared. The average volatile sulphur compound measurement in the
37 subjects with periodontitis was only slightly higher than the average
measurement of the 90 healthy subjects. The data in this study indicate
that a large proportion of individuals with oral malodor are periodontally
healthy and that the surface of the tongue is a major site of oral malodor
production.
Bosy, A.; Kulkarni, G.V.; Rosenberg, M. and McCulloch,
C.A.G. (1994): "Relationship of Oral Malodor to Periodontitis: Evidence
of Independence in Discrete Sub-Populations", Journal of Periodontology
65(1):37-46


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